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Read Me What to read, 1876-1900

< 1851-1875 | 1901-1925 >

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Late 19th Century

Antoine de SAINT-EXUPERY (1900-1944) A pilot is downed upon the sand. His plane has crashed; he is trying to repair it. Hot, thirsty, hungry, he sees a very small person, dressed like a prince, walking toward him. The small person speaks, the pilot responds, and they are soon friends. --Charles Van Doren, The Joy of Reading (1985) p. 369
The Little Prince (1943) Criticism: Ivry

Wolfgang PAULI (1900-1958) Reference: Nobel Prize
Theory of Relativity (Relativitatstheorie 1921)
The General Principles of Wave Mechanics (Die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Wellenmechanik 1933)

George SEFERIS (1900-1971) Etext: Poem Hunter Etext: Reference: Poetry International Web
Collected Poems (1981)

Theodosius DOBZHANSKY (1900-1975)
One star: Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937)

Jacques PREVERT (1900-1977)
Paroles (1946)

Basil BUNTING (1900-1985) Etext: Poem Hunter | Academy of American Poets Criticism: Share
Collected Poems (1985)

Gilberto FREYRE (1900-1987) Criticism: Ward
The Masters and the Slaves (1933)
The Mansions and the Shanties (1936)
Order and Progress (1959)

V. S. PRITCHETT (1900-1997) Criticism: Schwarz | Epstein
Complete Collected Stories (1992)

Nathalie SARRAUTE (1900-1999) Reference: Pegasos
The Planetarium (1959)
The Use of Speech (L’Usage de la parole 1980)

Hart CRANE (1899-1932) Etext: Academy of American Poets | Poem Hunter
Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose (1966)
Complete Poems and Selected Letters (2006) Criticism: Toibín

Benjamin PERET (1899-1959)
Selected Poems

Ernest HEMINGWAY (1899-1961) Criticism: Tuttleton | Fadiman | Van Doren {H]e showed for all time--contrary to the Romantic notion of creativity--that economic comfort and good health are conducive to writing ... --Gabriel Garcia Marquez, The New York Times Book Review, July 26, 1981
Two stars: The Sun Also Rises (1926) Inspired by 'The Sun Also Rises', hundreds of young Americans appeared in Paris lugging typewriters and dreams. --Robert Messenger, A dime store Jane Austen, The New Criterion, March 2007, p. 23
One star: A Farewell to Arms (1929) Only those who have not realized that Hemingway's cruelty is of the surface could be surprised he made childbirth the tragic climax of this novel and his tragic ending the loss of both child and mother. --Edwin Berry Burgum, 'Hemingway's Development', New Masses, November 22, 1938
One star: The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1938) ...his classic virtues: intense curiosity; passion for learning and for mastery; testing of himself and others. --Jeffrey Meyers, 'The New Criterion' September 1999 p. 71
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) Criticism: Wilson One trouble is it isn't a novel at all but rather a series of short stories, some of them excellent ... imbedded in a mixture of sentimental love scenes, too much talk, rambling narrative sequences, and the rather dull interior monologues by Jordan. --Dwight Macdonald, Hemingway's Unpolitical Political Novel, Partisan Review, January-February 1941
The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
The Garden of Eden (1986)

Friedrich HAYEK (1899-1992) Reference: Nobel Prize Criticism: more Humor: Volokh For Hayek, ... the economist's problem is to explain how this wildly dispersed knowledge can produce a coordinated scheme of activity, which, if it 'were to be brought about deliberately, would require a knowledge on the part of the directing mind which no single person can possess.' Here, in a nutshell, is the Austrian case against central planning. --Greg Hill, 'Don't shoot the messenger: Caldwell's Hayek and the insularity of the Austrian project', Critical Review, Vol. 17, Nos. 1-2, p. 76 portrayed capitalism as a spontaneous system that unleashes more human potential than governments can control... --Stephen H. Webb, New Theology, Old Economics, First Things, April 2007, p. 12
The Road to Serfdom (1944) Reference: Publication History In the negative part of Professor Hayek's thesis there is a great deal of truth. It cannot be said too often--at any rate it is said not nearly often enough--that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the Spanish Inquisition never dreamed of. --George Orwell, review, 1944 Shatters the myth that the totalitarianisms 'of the Left' and 'of the Right' stem from differing impulses. --Mark Helprin, The 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the Century, National Review Online http://www.nationalreview.com/100best/100_books.html

LAU Shaw [Lao She] (1899-1966)
Rickshaw (1979)

Yury OLESHA (1899-1966)
Envy

KAWABATA Yasunari (1899-1972) Criticism: Ward
The Snow Country (1947)
The Thousand Cranes (1949-51)
Beauty and Sadness

Elizabeth BOWEN (1899-1973) Criticism: Tillinghast
Collected Stories

Miguel Angel ASTURIAS (1899-1974) Reference: Nobel Prize
Men of Maize

G. B. EDWARDS (1899-1976)
The Book of Ebenezer Le Page

Vladimir NABOKOV (1899-1977) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: more | Fadiman | Ward An uprooted victim of violent revolution, a scientist and scholar, he wandered across two continents and wrote, in two languages, subtly sophisticated, exquisitely stylish, and teasingly elusive books. --Jeffrey Myers, 'Shade's Shadow', The New Criterion, May 2006 p. 31
One star: Lolita (1959) Criticism: Rolo
One star: Pale Fire (1962)
Speak, Memory (1967) Criticism: Yardley
Ada or Ardor: a Family Chronicle (1969)

Allen TATE (1899-1979)
Collected Poems

John H. VAN VLECK (1899-1980) Reference: Nobel Criticism: Holton and Sopka
The Theory of Electric and Magnetic Susceptibilities (1932)

Henri MICHAUX (1899-1984)
Selected Writings

E. B. WHITE (Elwyn Brooks White 1899-1985) Bookseller: Levenger Reference: Liukkonen | The New York Times Criticism: Freeman | Angell | Van Doren
Charlotte's Web (1952) What the book is about is friendship on earth, affection and protection, adventure and miracle, life and death, trust and treachery, pleasure and pain, and the passing of time. --Eudora Welty, The New York Times Book Review, October 19, 1952
with James THURBER
Is Sex Necsssary? (1929)

Jorge Luis BORGES (1899-1986) Criticism: Hanks | Allen | Economist | Ormsby | Fadiman | Ward Etext: Three late poems
One star: Dreamtigers (1960)
Two stars: Labyrinths (1962)
One star: The Aleph and Other Stories
One star: Ficciones
One star: A Personal Anthology

Leonie ADAMS (1899-1988)
Poems: A Selection Etext: Poets | Taverner's Koans | Krishna

Federico Garcia LORCA (1898-1936) Criticism: Ward You, on the foundation of the ancient Spanish form of the romance, along with Juan Ramon and Machado, created another style, strange and strong, at once both a support and a crown for the old Castilian tradition. --Rafael Alberti, 'Words for Federico Garcia Lorca', New Masses, January 11, 1938 And in Madrid he acquired the habit, ingrained in the city's cafe intellectuals, of talking knowledgeably about books he hadn't read. -- David Gilmour, 'The New York Review of Books' November 4, 1999 p. 43
One star: "Gypsy Ballads" from Collected Poems (1991)
One star: "Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias" from Collected Poems (1991)
One star: Selected Poems
One star: Blood Wedding
One star: Yerma
One star: The House of Bernarda Alma

Bertolt BRECHT (1898-1956) Criticism: Weblog an epic satirist never far from the morality play, though his great gifts as a poet are constantly breaking through his Marxist ideological straitjacket. --Philip Ward, A Lifetime's Reading (1982) p. 74
The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper 1928)
One star: The Good Woman of Szechuan (Der gute Mensch von Sezuan 1936)
Galileo (Leben des Galilei 1943)
One star: Mother Courage and Her Children ((Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder 1941)
One star: The Caucasian Chalk Circle (Der kaukasische Kreidekreis 1949)
Poems (2000)

Suryakant Tripathi NIRALA (1898-1961) Criticism: Ward
A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems, (David Rubin, trans., 1977)

C. S. LEWIS (1898-1963) Reference: Touchstone | Gresham | Armstrong Criticism: Weblog | Van Doren
Out of the Silent Planet (1938); Perelandra (1943); That Hideous Strength (1943)

Erich Maria REMARQUE (1898-1970)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)

Vicente ALEIXANDRE (1898-1984) Reference: Liukkonen
A Longing for the Light: Selected Poems

Melvin B. TOLSON (1898-1966)
Harlem Gallery

Will DURANT (1885-1981) and Ariel DURANT (1898-1981) Criticism: Fadiman
The Story of Civilization (12 vol., 1935-1967)

John B. WHEELWRIGHT (1897-1940)
Collected Poems

Georges BATAILLE (1897-1962)
Blue of Noon

William FAULKNER (1897-1962) Criticism: Parini | Benfey | Marias | Fadiman | Ward
Sartoris (1929) [I]ntroduces the two families that will always figure in the series: the Sartorises and the Snopeses, who represent respectively the top and the bottom of Jefferson society. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 306
Three stars:The Sound and the Fury (1929) Etext: Saskatchewan
One star: As I Lay Dying (1930) The story is of the trip to Jefferson in a mule wagon with Addie and her coffin properly displayed. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 308
One star: Light in August (1937) The locale is again the 'deep South'; and the characters include the white trash of which he has drawn such relentless portraits, plain folk of a better strain, whites of a higher order, Negroes, of for the subject of his most detailed attention a poor white with a probable mixture of Negro blood. --J. Donald Adams, The New York Times Book Review, October 9, 1932
One star: The Bear (from Go Down Moses 1942)
Sanctuary
Absalom, Absalom!
The Wild Palms
The Hamlet

C. N. HINSHELWOOD (Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, 1897-1967) Reference: Nobel
The Kinetics of Chemical Change in Gaseous Systems (1923)

Louise BOGAN (1897-1970)
The Blue Estuaries: Selected Poems

Tarjei VESAAS (1897-1970) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Ward
The Ice Palace (1963)
The Boat in the Evening (1971)

Thornton WILDER (1897-1975) Reference: Society
The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927)
Our Town (1938)
Three Plays

George Wilson SIMON (1897-1985)
The Wheel of Fire
The Burning Oracle

Louis ARAGON (1897-1986) Reference: Liukkonen | KG
Selected Poems

Kenneth BURKE (1897-1993)
Counter-statement
A Rhetoric of Motives

Ole Edvart ROLVAAG (1896-1931)
Giants in the Earth (1927)

F. Scott FITZGERALD (1896-1940) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Fadiman
This Side of Paradise (1920)
One star: Tender Is the Night (1924) John Updike bounces this kind of response back into the work itself. 'As so often in Fitzgerald,' he writes, 'we have only the afterglow of a dream to see by.' --Geoff Dyer, 'Fitzgerald's Afterglow', The American Scholar, Spring 2001, p. 138
Two stars: The Great Gatsby (1925) Criticism: Voegeli
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories

Antonin ARTAUD (1896-1948) Reference: Hubert
Selected Writings

Giuseppe Tomasi, Principe di LAMPEDUSA (1896-1957) Criticism: Ward Fittingly for a chronicler of decay, Lampedusa was himself the last of his line -- the last Prince of Lampedusa, the tiny Italian island between Malta and the African coast, today better-known as a staging post for would-be illegal immigrants than as an outpost of European civilization standing sentinel over the Barbary Coast. --Derek Turner, 'Lampedusa's The Leopard,' The Salisbury Review, Summer 2005, p. 33
One star: The Leopard (1958) Criticism: Begley Social disintegration, the failure of revolution, a sterile and unchanging South are evident on every page of the novel. --Edward Said, 'Thoughts on Late Style,' London Review of Books, August 5, 2004, p. 5

Edwin Justus MAYER (1896-1960)
Children of Darkness

Tristan TZARA (1896-1963)
Seven Dada Manifestos

Andre BRETON (1896-1966) Criticism: Schwartz
Poems
Manifestoes of Surrealism

John DOS PASSOS (1896-1970) Etext: The Online Books Page
U.S.A.

Jacob GLATSTEIN (1896-1971)
Selected Poems

Eugenio MONTALE (1896-1981)
Poems (1985)
Selected Essays
The Storm and Other Things
The Occasions: Poems
Cuttlefish Bones: Poems
Otherwise: Last and First Poems
The Second Life of Art

Andrei PLATONOV (1895-1951)
The Foundation Pit

Paul ELUARD (1895-1952)
Selected Poems

Mikhail ZOSHCHENKO (1895-1958) Reference: Spartacus
Nervous People and Other Satires

Jean GIONO (1895-1970)
The Horseman on the Roof

Edmund WILSON (1895-1972) Reference: Castronovo Criticism: Weblog
The Shores of Light (1956)
Patriotic Gore (1962)

David JONES (1895-1974) Criticism: Auden | Ward
One star: In Parenthesis (1937)
One star: The Anathemata (1955)

Robert GRAVES (1895-1985)) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Richman | Ward
Good-Bye to All That (1929)
I, Claudius (1934)
One star: Collected Poems (1965)
King Jesus

LIN Yutang (1895-1976)
One star: The Importance of Living (1938) One of those rare books which enchants while it enlightens, 'The Importance of Living' is written lightly yet with extraordinary insight. --Philip Ward, A Lifetime's Reading (1982) p. 11

Susanne K. LANGER (1895-1985)
Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling

Joseph ROTH (1894-1939) Criticism: Ascherson | Heilbut | Gordimer | Eugenides
The Radetzky March The principal characters are silent and solitary; they move under an enormous mass of empty sky. At the center of *The Radetzky March* is, finally, not so much family or individuality as the whirring of time in the lives of men (women are almost entirely excluded). --Sven Birkerts, An Artificial Wilderness: Essays on 20th-Century Literature (1987) p. 48

Isaac Emmanuelovich BABEL (1894-1941) Reference: Wikipedia Criticism: Ward
One star: Collected Stories These stories, like so much of Russian literature, question what seems to be the prime faith of intellectuals, that truth is to be found in extreme situations--the idea that everyday life is hopelessly banal, bourgeois, and deceitful, that reality is only authentic where things are starkest. --Gary Saul Morson, The New Criterion, January 2002, p. 63

Marina Ivanova TSVETAYEVA (1894-1941) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Ward
One star: Selected Poems (1974)

Bibhutibhusan BANERJI (1894-1950) Criticism: Ward
Pather Panchali [Song of the Road] (1929)

Louis-Ferdinand CELINE (1894-1961)
Journey to the End of the Night

James THURBER (1894-1961) Criticism: Buckley | Gottlieb
My Life and Hard Times (1933)
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1939)
with E. B. WHITE
Is Sex Necsssary? (1929)

E. E. CUMMINGS (1894-1962) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Williamson
Complete Poems

Aldous HUXLEY (1894-1963) Etext: The Online Books Page | Bibliomania Reference: Authors' Calendar | SomaWeb | Pearce Criticism: Weblog | Fadiman
Antic Hay (1923)
Point Counter Point (1928)
One star: Brave New World (1932)
Collected Essays (1958)

Norbert WIENER (1894-1964)
Cybernetics (1948) full title 'Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine' Criticism: Lawrence

Jean TOOMER (1894-1967)
Cane

Mark VAN DOREN (1894-1972) Criticism: Van Doren
Selected Poems

Joseph H. WOODGER (1894-1981) Reference: see Brauckmann and Kull
Biological Principles

J. V. FOIX (1894-1987) Etext: two poems Criticism: Boehne
Selected Poems

Wilfred OWEN (1893-1918) Etext: The Online Books Page
Collected Poems

Vladimir Vladimirovich MAYAKOVSKY (1893-1930) Criticism: Ward
One star: The Bedbug and Selected Poetry

Israel Joshua SINGER (1893-1944)
The Brothers Ashkenazi
Yoshe Kalb

Carles RIBA (1893-1959)
Selected Poems

Herbert READ (1893-1968) Criticism: Rexroth | Ward
The Contrary Experience: Autobiographies (1963)
One star: The Green Child (1935)

MAO Tse-Tung (1893-1976) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Marxists Internet Archive Criticism: Weblog Anyone not taking account of the nation's leader during the decades of the Communist era will risk a myopic view of world events. --Philip Ward, A Lifetime's Reading (1982) p. 154 ...he must be accounted the most evil man who ever lived, of whom we have detailed knowledge, without any redeeming qualities whatsoever. --Paul Johnson, 'The Human Race', The New Criterion, November 2006, p. 13
Quotations from Chairman Mau Tse-tung (1961)
Selected Works (1977)

AKUTAGAWA Ryunosuke (1892-1927) Etext: The Devil and Tobacco Reference: Kicking Giants Criticism: Ward
Rashomon and other stories (1915)

Cesar VALLEJO (1892-1938) Criticism: Ward
One star: Seleced Poems
Spain, Take This Cup from Me

Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) Criticism: Harding ...the modern incarnation of the type of thinker who cannot be understood apart from traditional theological distinctions. --Mark Lilla in The Reckless Mind, quoted in First Things, January 2002, p. 45
Illuminations

Bruno SCHULZ (1892-1942)
The Street of Crocodiles
Sanitorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass

Pedro SALINAS (1892-1951)
My Voice Because of You

Konstantin PAUSTOVSKY (1892-1968) Criticism: Ward
The Story of a Life (1946-64)

Ivy COMPTON-BURNETT (1892-1969) Criticism: Ward
A God and his Gifts (1963)

Reinhold NIEBUHR (1892-1971) Criticism: Sifton | Fackre | Berke | Freund Niebuhr, who has come into fashion again among liberals intent on devising a third way between neoconservatives and antiwar Democrats, supported the cold war struggle against the Soviet Union but warned against wallowing in American righteousness. --Jacob Heilbrun, A Question of Character, review of 'Hard Call' by John McCain with Mark Salter, The New York Times Book Review, September 9, 2007, p. 26
The Nature and Destiny of Man (1941-1943) Niebuhr is often categorized as a 'Christian realist' about worldly affairs and as 'Neo-orthodox' in his theological view of man. The second claim comes from his insistence that contrary to Pollyannaish liberal Protestants, man is indeed sinful and unlikely to do good just because the welfare state has helped him out of poverty. Niebuhr's politics are called 'realist' because he argued, eloquently and at length, that our pious worries about geopolitics leading to injustice and complicity with evil should not impede us from making hard-nosed political desisions in a cruel world. --Daniel P. Moloney, Crisis, July/August 2002, p. 47

Pearl BUCK (1892-1973)
The Good Earth (1931)

J. R. R. TOLKIEN (1892-1973) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Tolkien Society | The Catholic Imagination Criticism: Weblog
One star: The Hobbit (1937)
One star: The Lord of the Rings (1954-1956)

Ivo ANDRIC (1892-1975) Reference: Nobel Prize
The Bridge on the Drina (1945)

Hugh MACDIARMID (1892-1978)
Complete Poems 1920-1976 (1978)

Rebecca WEST (1892-1983) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Rollyson | Tillinghast
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (1942) For its writing, not for its historical accuracy. --Michael Kelly, The 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the Century, National Review Online http://www.nationalreview.com/100best/100_books.html

Louis DE BROGLIE (1892-1987) Criticism: Davis | Holton and Sopka If waves (such as light) can act like paricles, then perhaps particles (such as electrons) can act like waves. --Stephen M. Barr, Faith and Quantum Theory, First Things, March 2007, p. 21
Investitgations on Quantum Theory (Recherches sur la theorie des quanat 1924)

Jorge GUILLEN (1893-1984)
Guillen on Guillen: The Poetry and the Poet

J. P. MARQUAND (1892-1960) Criticism: Yardley
H. M. Pulham, Esquire

Archibald MACLEISH (1892-1982)
Selected Poems

Osip Emilievich MANDELSTAM or MANDELSHTAM (1891-1938) Criticism: Ward A man who knew that you cannot build the present out of the bricks of the future was bound to resign himself beforehand to his inevitable doom and the prospect of the firing squad. --Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, A Memoir, quoted in The New York Review of Books, November 29, 2001, p. 45
One star: Selected Poems (1967)

Mikhail BULGAKOV (1891-1940)
One star: The Master and Margarita (c. 1930's)

Zora Neale HURSTON (1891-1960) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Weblog ...belongs in the same category with that of William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway of enduring American literature. --Saturday Review, quoted by Linton Weeks, Washington Post, in Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, January 6, 2002, p. 5E
One star: Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)

Par LAGERKVIST (1891-1974) Criticism: Ward
Evening Land/Aftonland (1953)
Barabbas

After 1890, however, the inherited cultural and social continuum disolved, thereby diminishing certainties about the purpose of human endeavor. --Oscar Handlin, 'The Unmarked Way,' The American Scholar, Summer 1996, p. 337

Isaac ROSENBERG (1890-1918)
Collected Poems

Karel CAPEK (1890-1938) Criticism: Hampl
War with the Newts
R. U. R.

Boris PASTERNAK (1890-1960) Etext: Twenty-two poems Reference: Nobel Prize | Authors' Calendar Criticism: Weblog
Selected Poems (1946)
One star: Doctor Zhivago (1957) ...includes a panoramic view of Russian history during the first thirty years of the twentieth century, a classic love story, and philosophical and religious observations on questions of life, morals, and power which inevitably drew attention to the inadequacies of Marxism as a way of life, and to the bloody events during and after the Russian Revolution that led to the emasculation under Stalinism of intellectual and artistic activity. --Philip Ward, A Lifetime's Reading (1982) p. 30

R. A. FISHER (1890-1962)
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930)

Katherine Anne PORTER (1890-1980)
Collected Stories

Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Downs Single-minded devotion to public service was as much in evidence in all this as was intolerance of other views about individual and national values--in its way quite as pronounced as was that of the Marxists--and an element of petty-bourgeois resentment against everything arisotocratic, including beauty. --Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (3rd ed. 1950) Ch. XXVI p. 322
by George Bernard SHAW (1856-1950), Sidney WEBB (1859-1947), William CLARKE (1852-1901), Sydney OLIVIER (1859-1943), Annie BESANT (1847-1933), Graham WALLAS (1858-1932), and Hubert BLAND (1856-1914)

Adolf HITLER (1889-1945) Etext: Hitler Historical Museum Criticism: Weblog | Downs
Mein Kampf (1925-27) Nothing is lacking in that book; the blood and land, the living space, the Jew as the eternal enemy, the Germans who embody 'the highest form of humanity on earth', the other countries openly regarded as the instruments of German domination. --Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, (1986) Ch. VIII

Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN (1889-1951) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Criticism: Weblog | Ward For Wittgenstein, as for Hegel, reality lay precisely in other people and other things, that is, outside the self whose own reality they underwrite. --Robert Grant, The Salisbury Review, Summer 2001, p. 45 Wittgenstein countered Descartes’ dualism, after all, by observing that the philosophical question he was most famous for — *how do I know that I am?* — contained the seeds of its destruction in the very phrasing: Only by *presupposing* a community of language believers, Wittgenstein argued, could this question about radical oneness make sense. --Mary Eberstadt, 'How the West Really Lost God', Policy Review, June & July 2007
One star: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung 1921) Reference: Contents A terse summation of the analytic method of the analytic school in philosophy, and a heroic leap beyond it. --Jeffrey Hart, 'National Review' May 3, 1999, p. 47
Philosophical Investigations (1953) Reference: Shawver

E. P. HUBBLE (1889-1953)
The Realm of the Nebulae (1936)

Pierre REVERDY (1889-1960)
Selected Poems

Jean COCTEAU (1889-1963) Criticism: Mays | Ward
Les enfant terribles (1929)
The Infernal Machine and Other Plays

Anna AKHMATOVA (1889-1966) Reference: Dybka Criticism: Perloff Poetry, it may well be, needs infertile, sometimes even especially barren, ground in which to grow. Thus, Anna Akhmatova's poems sold extremely well in the censorship frozen Soviet Union, where lots of people went to the trouble of memorizing poetry, but now in the thawed Russia interest in her work is said greatly to have fallen off. --Joseph Epstein, 'Written to Last', The New Criterion, September 2006, p. 17
Poems Etext: Bonver | Poets

Conrad AIKEN (1889-1973) Etext: The Online Books Page | Poetry Archive | Poets
Collected Poems

Taha HUSAYN (1889-1973)
An Egyptian Childhood

Arnold TOYNBEE (1889-1975) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Wilhelmsen
A Study of History (1934-1961) The proletariats are 'softened' (in Toynbee's phrase) by their imitation of the manners and morals of a dominant elite. But when a society begins to falter, the imitation proceeds largely in the opposite direction: the dominant elite is coarsened by its imitation of proletarian manners. --Notes & Comments, The New Criterion, March 2001 p. 2
Civilization on Trial (1948)
Radio Debate (1948)
An Historian's Approach to Religion

Martin HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) Criticism: Durantaye | Zion | Kirsch | Blackburn | Most | Sokolowski | Blackburn | Lang | Hughes | Dutton
Being and Time (1962) A seminal thinker, notwithstanding his disgraceful error of equating National Socialism with the experience of 'Being.' --Jeffrey Hart, 'National Review' May 3, 1999, p. 47 lifts up our relation to death as the basic human experience. --Joseph Bottum, Death and Politics, First Things, June/July 2007, p. 29

Harry Elmer BARNES (1889-1968) Criticism: Ward
A History of Historical Writing (2nd Ed., 1962)

Katherine MANSFIELD (Kathleen Murry 1888-1923) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Authors' Calendar | Birthplace Criticism: Weblog
The Short Stories (1945) And I was jealous of her stories--the only writing I have ever been jealous of. --Virgina Woolf, quoted by Patrical Hampl, 'The Relics of Saint Katherine', The American Scholar, Summer 2001, p. 139

Eugene O'NEILL (1888-1933) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: eO'Neill | Times Topics | Tao House | National Historic Site | Nobel Prize Criticism: Weblog | Fadiman | Van Doren | Ward
One star: The Emperor Jones (1921)
One star: Desire Under the Elms (1924)
Lazarus Laughed (1925)
One star: Mourning Becomes Electra (1931) ... the success of 'Mourning Becomes Electra's' three closely linked plays had shown him what had been missing from his earlier work, or at least only weakly present--a sense of history, of time at work on America. --Thomas Flanangan, 'Master of the Misbegotten', 'New York Review of Books' October 5, 2000 p. 14
Two stars: The Iceman Cometh (1946) 'The Iceman Cometh' is indeed made of ice or iron; it is full of will and fanatic determination; it appears to have been written at some extreme temperature of the mind. --Mary McCarthy, quoted from 1946 'New Yorker' review, by Thomas Flanangan in 'Master of the Misbegotten', 'New York Review of Books' October 5, 2000 p. 14
Three stars: Long Day's Journey into Night (1956) Criticism: Jaques Essentially, 'Long Day's Journey into Night' is not so much a tale as O'Neill's remorseless attempt to tell the blunt truth about his family as a matter of artistic conscience. --Brooks Atkinson, The New York Times Book Review, February 19, 1956

Fernando PESSOA (1888-1935) Criticism: Ward
One star: The Keeper of the Sheep
One star: Poems
One star: Selected Poems
One star: Always Astonished: Selected Prose
One star: The Book of Disquiet

Umberto SABA (1888-1957)
Stories and Recollections
Poems

H. LEIVICK (Leivick Halpern 1888-1962)
Selected Poems

Edith HAMILTON (1888-1963)
Mythology (1940)

RAMON Gomez de la Serna (1888-1963)
Gregurias. Seleccion, 1910-1960 (1960), Philip Ward, Ed. A *greguria* is defined by Ramon as 'humour + metaphor' and was chosen because--among other reasons--it is used by farmers to describe the squealing of piglets chasing a sow. --Philip Ward, A Lifetime's Reading (1982) p. 15

T. S. ELIOT (Thomas Stearns Eliot, 1888-1965) Etext: The Online Books Page | Bartleby Criticism: Weblog | Fadiman | Van Doren | Ward
Selected Essays (1932) Shaped the literary taste of the mid-century. --Jeffrey Hart, The 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the Century, National Review Online http://www.nationalreview.com/100best/100_books.html
Three stars: Collected Poems, 1909-1962 (1963) For twenty years I’ve stared my level best To see if evening—any evening—would suggest A patient etherised upon a table; In vain. I simply wasn’t able. --C.S. Lewis His attempt in fact was to restore the greatest tradition of all, the tradition that forces poetry in any age to face the spirit of that age and reflect it without loss or blur. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 290
Two stars: Collected Plays (1962)

S. Y. AGNON (Shmuel Yosef Halevi Czaczkes, 1888-1970) Reference: Nobel Prize | Liukkonen Criticism: Vyas
In the Heart of the Seas
Twenty-one Stories

Giuseppe UNGARETTI (1888-1970)
Selected Poems
The Burned Harbour: Selected Poems

John Crowe RANSOM (1888-1979) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Tillinghast
Selected Poems

Georg TRAKL (1887-1914)
Selected Poems

Ruth BENEDICT (1887-1948) Etext: The Online Books Page
Patterns of Culture

Erwin SCHROEDINGER (1887-1961) Criticism: Bashor and Preuss | Holton and Sopka Humor: Adams
One star: What Is Life? The Physical Aspects of the Living Cell (1943)
Statistical Thermodynamics (1946)
Nature and the Greeks (1954)

Charles Galton DARWIN (1887-1962) Criticism: Van Doren
The Next Million Years (1952)

Robinson JEFFERS (1887-1967)
Selected Poems

Marianne MOORE (1887-1972) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Logan | Kermode
One star: "Poetry"
One star: "Marriage"
Complete Poems

J. HUXLEY (1887-1975)
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (1942)

St.-John PERSE (Marie-Rene-Auguste-Alexis Leger, 1887-1975) Criticism: Ward
One star: Anabasis
One star: Birds
One star: Exile and Other Poems

Pierre-Jean JOUVE (1887-1976)
Selected Poems

Samuel Eliot MORISON (1887-1976) Criticism: Fadiman
The Oxford History of the United States (1963)

Henri ALAIN-FOURNIER (Henri-Alban Fournier, 1886-1914) Reference: OERD
Le Grand Meaulnes

Ronald FIRBANK (1886-1926)
Five Novels

Moshe-Leib HALPERN (1886-1932)
Selected Poems

Hermann BROCH (1886-1951) Criticism: Ward
One star: The Death of Virgil (1945)
The Sleepwalkers
Hugo von Hofmannsthal and His Time

Gottfried BENN (1886-1956)
Selected Poems

H. D. (Hilda Doolittle 1886-1961) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Gottlieb
Selected Poems

Karl POLANYI (1886-1964)
The Great Transformation (1944)

TANIZAKI Junichiro (1886-1965) Criticism: Ward
One star: The Makioka Sisters (1943-48)

Velimir KHLEBNIKOV (1885-1922) Reference: Taverner's Koans
The King of Time

D. H. LAWRENCE (David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: The Literature Network Criticism: Weblog | Fadiman | Ward T. S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis, to name only two, attacked the lyric fiction of Lawrence precisely because of the moral polemic embodied in it. --Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (1966) p. 191 In literature too there is an attempt to return man to Paradise after an obvious Fall. D. H. Lawrence would reintegrate man through sex... --Fulton J. Sheen, 'Winning Converts' Rev. John O'Brien, ed., quoted in 'This Rock' September 1999, p. 40
Two stars: Sons and Lovers (1913)
The Rainbow (1915) Criticism: Wood
Two stars: Women in Love (1921)
Studies in Classic American Literature (1923)
Complete Poems (1964)
Collected Stories (1994)

Dino CAMPANA (1885-1932)
Orphic Songs

Ring LARDNER (Ringgold Lardner 1885-1933) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Young Immigrants (1920)
You Know Me Al (1916)
Haircut and Other Stories (1925)

Sinclair LEWIS (1885-1951) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Hardwick [T]he most celebrated American novelist never to have written a great work of literature... --Alan Wolfe, 'The Opening of the Evangelical Mind' in 'The Atlantic Monthly' October, 2000 p. 58
Main Street (1920) The publication of 'Main Street' ranks with that of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' as one of the few literary events in American history that proved to be a political and social event as well. --Jane Smiley, New York Times Book Review, January 20, 2002, p. 10
One star: Babbitt (1922) How often have the privileged taken to their bosoms the writers who execrated them! The Babbitts of America were to a great extent responsible for the success of Sinclair Lewis. --Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (1957), p. 212
Arrowsmith (1925)
Elmer Gantry (1927)
Dodsworth (1929)
It Can't Happen Here

Elinor WYLIE (1885-1951) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Carrie
Last Poems

Hermann WEYL (1885-1955) Reference: HMA Criticism: Holton and Sopka
Space, Time, Matter (Raum, Zeit, Materie 1918)
Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics (Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik 1928)

Ernst Robert CURTIUS (1885-1956) Criticism: Ward
European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (1948)

Isak DINESEN (Karen Christence Dinesen, Baroness Blixen-Finecke, 1885-1962) Criticism: Van Doren She had a magic way of endowing people with powers--beauty, clairvoyance, passion--undreamed of by the realists who surrounded her. Her world is cool, strangely lighted, and somehow perfect. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 295
One star: Seven Gothic Tales (1937)
The Roads Around Pisa
Winter's Tales

Niels BOHR (1885-1964) Criticism: Ball
The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution (1922)
Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge

Francois MAURIAC (1885-1970)
Therese
The Desert of Love
The Woman of the Pharisees

Ezra POUND (1885-1972) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Weblog | Ward
One star: Personae: Collected Poems (1926) Criticism: Lyons
The Pisan Cantos (1948)
One star: The Cantos (1970) Criticism: Davis
Literary Essays

Yevgeni Ivanovich ZAMYATIN (1884-1937) Reference: Kreuzer
My (1924) ...a nightmare of life in the distant future, when human beings are known by numbers and they live in the One State ruled by the so-called Benefactor. --Philip Ward, A Lifetime's Reading (1982) p. 131 Indeed, the ways by which the men and women in 'We' resist 'social engineering' and futuristic regimes are both enigmatic and engaging. --Thomas Galton Marullo, The Review of Politics, Summer 2003, pp. 466-467

Angelos SIKELIANOS (1884-1951)
Selected Poems

Yahya Kemal BAYATLI (1884-1958) Criticism: Ward
Selected Poems (1965)

Eugene HERRIGEL (1884-1955) Criticism: Van Doren
Zen in the Art of Archery

Sean O'CASEY (1884-1964) Criticism: Ward
One star: Juno and the Paycock (1925)
One star: The Shadow of a Gunman (1925)
One star: The Plough and the Stars (1926)

Etienne GILSON (1884-1978) Criticism: Van Doren
The Arts of the Beautiful (1965)
The Unity of Philosophical Experience (1937)

Jaroslav HASEK (1883-1923) Criticism: Ward
One star: The Good Soldier Schweik (1920-23) Even Svejk [Schweik] was appreciated in his homeland (and elsewhere) not as an apostle for the peace movement but as an endearingly Czech kind of subversive. --R. J. W. Evans, 'The New York Review of Books' October 21, 1999 p. 62

Franz KAFKA (1883-1924) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: The Kafka Project Criticism: more | Fadiman | Rexroth | Van Doren | Ward Pam: Sex with you is really a Kafka-esque experience. Alvy Singer: Oh. Thank you. Pam: I mean that as a compliment. --'Annie Hall' (1977)
In the Penal Colony (1913)
One star: The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung 1915) What have I become? Uncertain, Gregor Samsa puts out some feelers. --David M. Bader, 'Haiku U.'
The Blue Octavo Notebooks [1917-1919]
Diaries [1910-1923]
Three stars: The Trial (1925) Criticism: Luhrssen Humor: Solove It belongs not with the many novels that horrify, but with the many fewer novels which terrify. --Louis Kronenberger, The New York Times Book Review, October 24, 1937
Two stars: The Castle (1926) Our paper work provides its symbol, but its essence is something more ethereal altogether, just as its moral, supposing it has one, is simpler than a child could say: When grace is given us we should know how to accept it and should not ask for proof that as a gift it is genuine. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 310
Amerika or Der Verschollene (1927)
Description of a Struggle (Beschreibung eines Kampfes 1936)
Wedding Preparations in the Country (Hochzeitsvorbereitungen auf dem Lande 1953)
Gesammelte Werke (1950-1958)
The Complete Stories (1971)
Parables, Fragments, Aphorisms

Austin Tappan WRIGHT (1883-1931) Reference: Wood Criticism: Van Doren
Islandia (1942)

John Maynard, 1st Baron KEYNES (1883-1946) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Archive for the History of Economic Thought Criticism: Frum | Downs
The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) [Keynes said] 'Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist'. Yet for over eight decades...our world-historical view [of Versailles] has been influenced by the same defunct economist who promulgated the assertion. --Andrew Roberts, A History of the English Speaking Poeples Since 1900
The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935-1936) Influential in suggesting that the business cycle can be modified by government investment and manipulation of tax rates. --Jeffrey Hart, 'National Review' May 3, 1999, p. 46

Mani LEIB (1883-1953)
Selected Poems

Jose ORTEGA y Gasset (1883-1955) Etext: Morbid Democracy | Pedagogy and Anachronism Criticism: Ward
Invertebrate Spain (1921) 'Spineless Spain' --ed. The cancer that was fatally undermining the fragile stability of Spanish society was, he claimed, the 'particularist' propensityof each Spanish individual or group to live purely for himself or itself, heedless of others, and as he put it, not to 'contar con los demas' (to have to deal with others). --Curtis Cate, 'How Vertebrate Is Spain,' The Salisbury Review, Spring 2005
One star: The Revolt of the Masses (1929) Prophesied the 20th century's debauchery of democracy and science, the barbarism of the specialist, and the inevitable fatuity of public opinion. Explained the genius of capitalist elites. --George Gilder, National Review, May 3, 1999, p. 46

Nikos KAZANTZAKIS (1883-1957)
Zorba the Greek (1946)
The Greek Passion
The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel

William Carlos WILLIAMS (1883-1963) Etext: Poets Criticism: Weblog | Rexroth
Two stars: Poems (1950, 1951)
Spring and All
Paterson

Sholem ASCH (1883-1953) Reference: Yale
East River

James JOYCE (1882-1941) Etext: The Online Books Page Etext: Study: Bibliomania Reference: Callahan | Maloney and Fanning Criticism: Phillips | Fadiman | Van Doren | Ward Humor: Onion
One star: Dubliners (1914) Each story depicts a character's personal epiphany or sudden realization, and together these stories give the reader a comprehensive, general picture of Ireland at the time. --The Teaching Company
Two stars: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Three stars: Ulysses (1922) Criticism: Klein | Cavanaugh | Royal takes place over the course of a single day--June 14, 1904--in Dublin, Ireland. --Joyce's 'Ulysses', The Teaching Company This happened with many of us: 'Ulysses' gradually--but with an effect of suddenness--became accessible. It was because in the interim we had been reading diluted Joyce in writers like Faulkner and so had got used to his ways, at second remove. --Mary McCarthy, 'Intellectual Memoirs: New York 1936-1938' (1993) p. 25 a turgid welter of schoolboy pornography --Edith Wharton To the uninitiated, it appeared that Mr. Joyce had taken some half million assorted words--many such as are not ordinarily heard in reputable circles--shaken them up in a colossal hat ... laid them end to end. --quoted in 'Time, Vol. 1, No. 1' by Dwight Macdonald, Partisan Review, April 1938
One star: Finnegan's Wake (1939) It was the end product of an evolution that conceivably could be called tragic, since it culminated in a book from which most readers are shut out. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 297

Virginia WOOLF (1882-1941)